紐西蘭 行前筆記

 

來自維基:

• 1805-1843 the Musket(滑膛槍) war due to the introduction of the musket.

• 1835: Declaration of Independence (Māori vs BR), asserted that sovereign(主權) power and authority in the land resided with the confederation of united tribes.

• 1788: the colony of New South Wales: "all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean within the latitudes of 10°37"S and 43°39'S."

• 1840: The Treaty of Waitangi--disputes over differing versions of the treaty led to the NZ war from 1843. Willian Hobson declared British sovereignty over all NZ. 

//Waitangi條約: 對於毛利人與歐洲人的土地主權有爭議, 引發後來一系列的戰爭。

• The Church of England sponsored the colony with assisted passages. Pakeha(gringo) population grew from fewer than 1000 in 1831 to 500,000 by 1881.

//Pakeha: 紐西蘭白人從原本1831年的1000人, 暴增至1881的50萬人。

• 1852: The NZ Constitution Act--setting up a central government with an elected General Assembly (parliament.) 出現中央政府與議會。

• 1856-1876: with an economy based on agriculture, the landscape was transformed from forest to farmland.農業興起, 原本大片森林轉化成農場。

• 1860s and 1870s: the NZ wars due to the competition for land between Pakeha and Maori. The Taranaki and Waikato regions were invaded by colonial troops. Maori of these regions had some of their land taken from them. After the wars, some maori began a strategy of passive resistance, such as tourism ventures by Te Arawa around Rotorua. 因土地競爭, 白人與毛利人發生戰爭, Taranaki與Waikato地區遭殖民軍入侵。毛利人土地被奪取。戰爭後, 毛利人態度轉消極, 推動招待白人的旅遊業。

• 1861: gold was discovered--gold rush. Scottish immigrants dominated the South Island. 發現金礦, 淘金熱潮。蘇格蘭移民在南島大增。

• 1870 Julius Vogel: Grand Go-ahead Policy--fund new railways, roads and telegraph lines. Julius Vogel興建鐵路、公路、電報等。
• 1877: The Education Act--free national system of primary education. 全國免費小學。

• 1880s Feminists: "white slavery"--stop prostitution. 女權主義, 口號「白奴」, 中止娼妓。

• Begun in the mid-1880s: "prohibition"--a moralistic reform movement aimed to ban the sale and consumption of alcohol. 1880中期, 禁止販賣酒。
• 1882: the invention of refrigerated steamships--large market demands overseas; cheese, butter, frozen beef.1882年, 有冷凍庫的蒸汽船發明。紐西蘭開始大量起司、奶油、冷凍牛肉的海外出口。
• 1890-1914: The Liberal Party--"populism"--to create a large class of small land--owning farmers who supported Liberal ideals.民主黨提倡讓大量小農可擁有自己的農地。

• 1900: the premier(總理) of NZ: Richard Seddon opposed the idea of uniting the colonies. 總理Richard Seddon反對併入其他英國殖民地。
• 1907: NZ became a self-governing dominion(自治領地) with the British Empire紐西蘭成為英國的自治領地。
• 1909 The Native Land Act allowed the Maori to sell land to private buyers新法律制定, 毛利人可將土地賣給私人買方。

• 1909? The Liberal gov laid the foundations of the welfare state: old age pensions; maximum hour; regulations, etc. 民主黨建立了國家福利的基礎: 退休金、最長工時等等。
• WWI: NZ forces captured Western Samoa from Germany, and NZ administered the country until Samoan Independence in 1962.第一次世界大戰, 紐西蘭從德國手中奪下西薩摩亞, 並統治該區直到1962。
• Labor party emerged in 1919--socialist. Liberal and Reform parties--more conservative. The two merged in 1936 and became the NZ National Party. 1919年, 民眾黨建立。民主黨與Reform黨於1936年合併, 成為國家黨。

• 1930s Great Depression: relief work--road work, farm work.經濟大蕭條, 推動國家建設工作。
• 1930s Foreign policy: those policies favored the left but it also was pro-German.1930年的外交方針: 左傾但也支持德國。
• The Welfare State--1935 PM Michael Savage: "Social Justice must be the guiding principle and economic organization must adapt itself to social needs." Promised gov support to individuals "from the cradle to the grave." Free health care and free education. 1935年, 紐西蘭已是有成熟社會福利的國家。總理Michael Savage提倡社會正義, 口號為「從搖籃到墳墓」, 政府都會照顧好人民。提供免費健保與教育。

• WW2: defended the Br Empire. Agriculture expanded, sending record supplies of meat, butter and wool to Britain.第二次世界大戰, 為英國提供防禦作戰力量。農業擴張, 出口到英國的肉乳羊毛製品創新高。
• Post-war era: Labour PM Peter Fraser played an important role in the establishment of the UN, of which NZ was a founding member. 二戰後, 民眾黨總理Peter Fraser為創立聯合國之重要角色, 紐西蘭是聯合國的創始成員之一(台灣也是)。

• The ANZUS Treaty between NZ, US and AU in 1951: US pressured AU and NZ to contribute to VN war. 1951年, 紐西蘭與美國、澳洲簽訂ANZUS條約。美國給紐澳壓力, 使他們出兵越南戰爭。
• 1953 NZ Edmund Hillary reached the summit of Mount Everest. 1953年, 紐西蘭人 Edmund Hillary與一名雪巴嚮導為頭兩位登上聖母峰的人。Hillary的頭像在紐西蘭紙幣上。
• Maori urbanisation: by the late 1960s a Maori protest movement had emerged to combat racism, promote Maori culture and seek fulfilment of the treaty of Waitangi.1960年代末期, 開始出現毛利抗議運動, 抗議種族歧視、提倡毛利文化、尋求修正Waitangi條約的可能。
• The Muldoon years, 1975-1984: Robert Muldoon PM and his 3rd National Government--conservation and antagonistic style. 1975-1984執政總理Muldoon採取保守且敵對的風格。

• The radical 1980s reforms: moved from protected and state-dominated system to the open, competitive, free-market end of the spectrum. 1980年代開始進行激進的(經濟)改革, 從原本的保護、國家主導到開放競爭、自由市場。 

• The British connection: The KR War led to NZ's wool boom, leading to NZ having one of the highest living standards in the world.韓戰導致紐西蘭羊毛業興盛, 造成紐西蘭成為當時生活品質最高國家之一。

• The 4th Labour Gov: making the country a nuclear-free zone and withdraw from the ANZUS alliance. 第四民眾黨政府: 確保國家為無核區、退出ANZUS聯盟。

• 1991: a points-based immigration system--immigration from Asia sharply increased. 1996 "Asian invasion" slogan. 1991年開始積分制移民系統, 亞洲移民激增。1996年出現種族歧視的口號:「亞洲人的侵略」
• 2000-2010 Helen Clark--the 5th Labout Gov: restricted gov intervention in the economy; foreign policy--liberal internationalism. 2000-2010年為Helen Clark領導的第五民眾黨政府。限制政府對經濟的介入。開放的國際政策。
• 2020: Labour Party--2 referendums: 1. Legalised recreational cannabis X; 2. Legalise voluntary euthanasia O. 2020年, 民眾黨進行兩項公投: 1. 合法大麻(不通過); 2. 合法安樂死(通過)

• 2023~now: PM Chris Hipkins with Deputy PM Carmel Sepuloni--1st Pacific Islander. Center-right National Party--Christopher Luxon. 2023年出現首位太平洋島民總理: Carmel Sepuloni. 

Maori毛利人

• 1500-grew taro, kumara(yam), horticulture(園藝), fernroot, cabbage trees 種植作物: 芋頭、番薯、蕨類根、包心菜樹。
• The most important units of pre-European Maori society: Whanau extended family. Whanau族人是毆人進入前勢力最大的部落。
• Skilled experts could recite the tribal genealogies (家譜, 毛利語: whakapapa) back for hundreds of years. 少數專家能夠背誦幾百年前的各代家譜。

家譜: whakapapa也是我們住了四個晚上的一個地名, 所以很有印象。毛利語的wh-會唸做f-, 所以會唸成fakapapa, 聽起來很像在罵髒話很好笑。我跟一個毛利人聊到這, 她說不管哪國人在唸這個地名時會不自覺地把"ka"音唸短, 聽起來更像在罵人。